{"id":3240,"date":"2023-03-16T11:31:27","date_gmt":"2023-03-16T18:31:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?p=3240"},"modified":"2023-03-16T11:31:27","modified_gmt":"2023-03-16T18:31:27","slug":"hachi-garsinan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?p=3240","title":{"rendered":"How to Check your Girsa (Text) of the Talmud using Hachi Garsinan"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <a href=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?encyclopedia=talmud\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Commonly refers to the Talmud Bavli, meaning the Mishnah (redacted Oral Law) with the Gemara (commentary) as redacted in Bavel (Babylon). It is also called by the acronym Shas, referring to the six orders (sedarim, sing. seder) into which the tractates (massekhtot, sing. massekhet) of the Mishnah and Gemara on it are divided. Today, there&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">Talmud<\/a>, being a massive corpus, is often subject to questions of <em>girsa<\/em>&#8288;&mdash;textual variants. This is a live question already in the Gemara itself, which occasionally treats girsa issues in the Mishnah (e.g., &#1495;&#1505;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497; &#1502;&#1495;&#1505;&#1512;&#1488; &#1493;&#1492;&#1499;&#1497; &#1511;&#1514;&#1504;&#1497;). It is also a not uncommon issue raised by <a href=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?encyclopedia=rishonim\" target=\"_self\" title='&#1512;&#1488;&#1513;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; - \"Former authorities\" (c. 1000-1550), meaning Torah scholars who lived in the medieval period. According to traditional Jewish periodization, the era of the Rishonim begins in 1038 CE, at the conclusion of the period of the Geonim. The era of the Rishonim ends roughly with the compilation of the Shulchan Aruch, the definitive code&hellip;' class=\"encyclopedia\">Rishonim<\/a>, and then in the period of the Acharonim we have, among others, Hagahot ha-Bach and the Gra&rsquo;s emendations. Often, the text that has come down to us in modern printed editions has already been corrected against <a href=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?encyclopedia=rashi\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Rashi - R. Shlomo Yitzchaki | &#1512;&#1513;&quot;&#1497; - &#1512;' &#1513;&#1500;&#1502;&#1492; &#1497;&#1510;&#1495;&#1511;&#1497; (c. 1040-1105, Troyes, northern France) is among the foremost Talmud and Tanach commentators, ushering in the classical period of line commentaries on foundational texts. He studied in the yeshivot of the Rhineland Valley (Mainz and Worms), the first centers of Jewish life in medieval&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">Rashi<\/a>, obscuring the original girsa problem. In other words, <a href=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?encyclopedia=rashi\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Rashi - R. Shlomo Yitzchaki | &#1512;&#1513;&quot;&#1497; - &#1512;' &#1513;&#1500;&#1502;&#1492; &#1497;&#1510;&#1495;&#1511;&#1497; (c. 1040-1105, Troyes, northern France) is among the foremost Talmud and Tanach commentators, ushering in the classical period of line commentaries on foundational texts. He studied in the yeshivot of the Rhineland Valley (Mainz and Worms), the first centers of Jewish life in medieval&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">Rashi<\/a> will comment, &ldquo;The text says X but we parse this as R.&rdquo; Our printed text will have been adjusted so that it shows R, <a href=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?encyclopedia=rashi\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Rashi - R. Shlomo Yitzchaki | &#1512;&#1513;&quot;&#1497; - &#1512;' &#1513;&#1500;&#1502;&#1492; &#1497;&#1510;&#1495;&#1511;&#1497; (c. 1040-1105, Troyes, northern France) is among the foremost Talmud and Tanach commentators, ushering in the classical period of line commentaries on foundational texts. He studied in the yeshivot of the Rhineland Valley (Mainz and Worms), the first centers of Jewish life in medieval&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">Rashi<\/a>&rsquo;s preferred reading. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For reasons like this, if you are learning a sugya be-iyun, researching a halachic topic, or comparing parallel texts, you may want to check the version of the text before you with the manuscript record. At times there will be interesting or substantive differences. For this, the <a href=\"https:\/\/fjms.genizah.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Friedberg Jewish Manuscript Society<\/a> has created an amazing tool that allows you to quickly compare major manuscripts and early printings of the entire <a href=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?encyclopedia=talmud\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Commonly refers to the Talmud Bavli, meaning the Mishnah (redacted Oral Law) with the Gemara (commentary) as redacted in Bavel (Babylon). It is also called by the acronym Shas, referring to the six orders (sedarim, sing. seder) into which the tractates (massekhtot, sing. massekhet) of the Mishnah and Gemara on it are divided. Today, there&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">Talmud<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bavli.genizah.org\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4171\" width=\"489\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan.png 580w, http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan-300x184.png 300w, http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan-500x306.png 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 489px) 100vw, 489px\"><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are a number of tools on the Friedberg website, all of them great, but for our present purpose we&rsquo;re going to concentrate on <a href=\"https:\/\/bavli.genizah.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hachi Garsinan<\/a>. To use it, you&rsquo;ll have to register for a free account using your email. (Any email will work, it does not need to be an .edu account.) Otherwise, access is open. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once you&rsquo;re in, all you have to do is type in the name of daf you want to examine. (If there is a particular textual witness&#8288;&mdash;a specific manuscripts, Cairo Geniza fragment, or early printing&#8288;&mdash;you want to examine, you can also enter it in the search box. Otherwise, you&rsquo;ll get a full selection of textual witnesses for any given daf.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"473\" src=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan-2-1024x473.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4172\" srcset=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan-2-1024x473.png 1024w, http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan-2-300x139.png 300w, http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan-2-768x355.png 768w, http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan-2-500x231.png 500w, http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan-2-800x370.png 800w, http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan-2.png 1184w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I&rsquo;ll show you how this works and what it can reveal with an example from Avoda Zara, which is the most heavily censored tractate of the <a href=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?encyclopedia=talmud\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Commonly refers to the Talmud Bavli, meaning the Mishnah (redacted Oral Law) with the Gemara (commentary) as redacted in Bavel (Babylon). It is also called by the acronym Shas, referring to the six orders (sedarim, sing. seder) into which the tractates (massekhtot, sing. massekhet) of the Mishnah and Gemara on it are divided. Today, there&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">Talmud<\/a> (and which I happen to be learning this year). Below is a search I&rsquo;ve run for the very first page of the masechet. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The default results view, Synopsis by Columns, that you get after running a search is extremely valuable and easy to navigate. What you see in the rightmost column is the Vilna text, our &ldquo;standard&rdquo; text (although some newer editions recover the terms redacted by censors). The Gemara is broken down into sensible units, much like on Al HaTorah or Sefaria. The first row on the page shows the text of Mishnah Avoda Zara 1:1 as it appears in, reading right to left, Vilna, the Venice (Bomberg) early print edition, the Pesaro (Soncino) edition, and then <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/discover\/manuscripts\/hebrew-manuscripts\/munich-95\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Munich Cod. Hebr. 95<\/a>. These are the two most important early prints and the only complete manuscript of the <a href=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?encyclopedia=bavli-2\" target=\"_self\" title=\"The Babylonian Talmud, referring to the Gemara as redacted in Bavel, the major Jewish community of antiquity outside of Eretz Yisrael. Also refered to as Shas.\" class=\"encyclopedia\">Bavli<\/a>, which is why they appear first. If you use the scroll bar at the bottom of the results page, you can scroll through all 9 available textual witnesses. For example, the next two are an important manuscript of Avoda Zara, <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcollections.jtsa.edu\/islandora\/object\/jts%3A285755#page\/1\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">JTS Ms. 15<\/a>, and another, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/discover\/manuscripts\/hebrew-manuscripts\/viewerpage?vid=MANUSCRIPTS&amp;docid=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS990001320800205171-1#$FL127643962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">BNF Ms. hebr. 1337<\/a>. In other words, you&rsquo;ll automatically get the most important textual comparisons. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan-3-1024x741.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4173\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As you can see, the differences between the Vilna text and the other witnesses are marked in red. (You can toggle off this feature on the bottom if you prefer.) And so, with a quick scan, you can take away some important information. The Gemara starts off by asking about the potential difference between the homophones <strong>&#1488;<\/strong>&#1497;&#1491;&#1497;&#1492;&#1503; and <strong>&#1506;<\/strong>&#1497;&#1491;&#1497;&#1492;&#1503;. This is a place where you might expect to see some confusion in the textual witnesses; the words are so similar, that maybe some version have &#1506;&#1497;&#1491;&#1497;&#1492;&#1503; in the Mishnah. However, this turns out to not be the case. All versions of the Mishnah have &#1488;&#1497;&#1491;&#1497;&#1492;&#1503; with an &#1488;. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We can see just as clearly that all versions before Vilna have the word &#1490;&#1493;&#1497;&#1501; in place of &#1506;&#1493;&#1489;&#1491;&#1497; &#1499;&#1493;&#1499;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501;. This is because &#1506;&#1499;&#1493;&rdquo;&#1501; (an acronym for &ldquo;worshippers of stars and constellations&rdquo;) and its variants were deemed by Christian censors an acceptable way to refer to non-Jews, since it referred clearly to star worshippers and not to Christians. One might have thought that <a href=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?encyclopedia=chazal\" target=\"_self\" title='&#1495;&#1494;\"&#1500; - \"our Sages, of blessed memory,\" the abbreviation for &#1495;&#1499;&#1502;&#1504;&#1493; &#1494;&#1499;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1501; &#1500;&#1489;&#1512;&#1499;&#1492; - Chachmenu zichronam li-veracha, meaning the Tannaim (rabbis of the Mishnah period) and Amoraim (rabbis of the Gemara period). Variations are also used, such as &#1512;&#1494;\"&#1500; - Rabbotenu zichronam li-veracha, \"our teachers, of blessed memory.\"' class=\"encyclopedia\">Chazal<\/a> specified star worshippers because it relates to their understanding of idolatry. But the textual witnesses show that to not be the case; &ldquo;star worshippers&rdquo; is a late change in the text to accommodate censorship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The other tabs also allow you to see interesting aspects of the text. The next tab, &ldquo;Synopsis by rows,&rdquo; displays a word-for-word comparison:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan-5-1024x359.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4174\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, the &ldquo;Variants for Learner&rdquo; tab will highlight sites of variance on Tzurat ha-Daf:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Hachi-Garsinan-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4175\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hachi Garsinan makes it easy and quick to check the girsa of a text you&rsquo;re working with and is an exceptional tool to have in your learning toolkit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Image: I couldn&rsquo;t find an image of a censored <a href=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?encyclopedia=talmud\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Commonly refers to the Talmud Bavli, meaning the Mishnah (redacted Oral Law) with the Gemara (commentary) as redacted in Bavel (Babylon). It is also called by the acronym Shas, referring to the six orders (sedarim, sing. seder) into which the tractates (massekhtot, sing. massekhet) of the Mishnah and Gemara on it are divided. Today, there&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">Talmud<\/a>, so here is a censored page from the Soncino 1516 Tur Yoreh Deah<\/em>, <em>Columbia University Library, New York<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Talmud, being a massive corpus, is often subject to questions of girsa\u2060\u2014textual variants. This is a live question already in the Gemara itself, which occasionally treats girsa issues in the Mishnah (e.g., \u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9 \u05de\u05d7\u05e1\u05e8\u05d0 \u05d5\u05d4\u05db\u05d9 \u05e7\u05ea\u05e0\u05d9). It is also a not uncommon issue raised by Rishonim, and then in the period of the Acharonim [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4180,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"webmentions_disabled_pings":false,"webmentions_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[69,110],"class_list":["post-3240","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-recources","tag-jewish-studies","tag-talmud-"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to Check your Girsa (Text) of the Talmud using Hachi Garsinan - Tamar Marvin<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Friedberg Jewish Manuscript Society has created an amazing tool that allows you to quickly compare major manuscripts and early printings of the Talmud.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/trmarvin.org\/?p=3240\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to Check your Girsa (Text) of the Talmud using Hachi Garsinan - 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