Wissenschaft des Judentums – “The science of Judaism” – was a 19th-century movement in Central Europe towards the scientific, critical study of Jewish texts and subjects, which coalesced into academic Jewish studies taking place in secular Western universities alongside the study of other languages and cultures. Editions of texts as well as research produced by Wissenschaft figures continue to be used and referenced by scholars. Among the leading figures of the Wissenschaft movement are Leopold Zunz, Moritz Steinschneider, David Kaufmann, Heinrich Graetz, Heinrich Gross, Ernest Renan, and Adolphe Neubauer.